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Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of using ozone to disinfect surfaces based on an integrative literature review.Methods: A search was carried out in the SciELO, MEDLINE, LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct databases. Eleven articles published January 2010 to August 2021 were analyzed. All employed the experimental laboratory research model and achieved different levels of disinfection by O3, however, with varied surfaces and products tested, in addition to different methodological procedures.Results: The majority had an inhibition rate by O3 equal to or greater than 90%, thus proving the effectiveness of this agent as a surface disinfectant, even with variations in parameter values such as concentration and exposure time, in all selected articles, even those that did not prove the effectiveness of O3.Conclusion: This review shows the inhibitory power that O3 has on different pathogens, even if there are variables in the factors used for this purpose, highlighting it in front of other disinfectants. Thus, it corroborates the composition of surface disinfection protocols and decision-making among managers and committees about sanitizing technologies.
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Objectives: To know and explore from convalescent plasma donators' voices the experience in the blood donation process at a social security hospital. Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological design. The investigation was carried out in 01 hospitals of the social security of Peru. Semi-structured interviews were carried out. Results: Eleven donors of convalescent plasma were interviewed. The main motivations for donating were being able to contribute to national research and supporting patients affected by COVID-19. Fears focus on the possible risk of contagion within the hospital. Donors emphasised the attention and support of health personnel alongside the donation procedure. The main expectations and suggestions point towards greater dissemination of donation campaigns with special emphasis on safety. Likewise, an improvement in the time of the donation procedure (from enrolment to the extraction of convalescent plasma), and the implementation of friendly spaces to encourage future blood donation campaigns were highlighted. Conclusions: The experience of the convalescent plasma donors was positive. However, improvements must be made in terms of processes and infrastructure to ensure future successful blood donation campaigns.
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Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. Most cases are diagnosed at advanced stages. Stage III cancers are treated in a curative manner, despite the low success rate. Our objective was to define the clinical and epidemiological profile of stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts) treated with radiotherapy (RT) and their response to therapy. Method(s): It is a retrospective and observational study of all non-surgical stage III NSCLC pts treated with RT with curative intent at a public cancer center in the south of Brazil between January/2016 and June/2022. Data collected: dates of biopsy, treatment initiation, image progression or relapse, death and last registration;ECOG-PS;sex;smoking status;histology;stage (TNM 7th Ed) and chemotherapy (CT) use. Survival analysis were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and factors associated with the events were analyzed using Cox regression. Groups were compared with chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Result(s): Eighty-seven pts were identified;median age 63 years-old;46 (52%) male, 78 (90%) former or present smokers;51 (62%) ECOG-PS 0/1;49 (58%) squamous (sq) histology;48 (60%) stage IIIb;60 (68%) had abdomen, bone and brain scans;64 (73%) had concurrent CT, 11(13%) sequential and 12 (14%) exclusive RT;64 (74%) concluded RT;53 (60%) had disease progression or relapse and 47 (54%) died. It took a median of 77 days (d) from biopsy to treatment initiation, without difference between pre or during COVID-19 pandemic. The follow-up was of 305d, progression free survival 192d and overall survival 253d (median for all), using the treatment initiation as baseline date. Younger pts and ECOG-PS 0/1 pts were more commonly treated with concurrent CT (X2:8,87;p 0,0054 and X2:10,82;p 0,004 respectively). No factor influenced progression free survival on uni or multivariable analyses. Factors correlated with overall survival on univariable analysis were: ECOG-PS (hazard ratio (HR) 2,02;p 0,010);bone scan (HR 0,5;p 0,028);treatment conclusion (HR 3,53;p<0,0001). Multivariable analysis: ECOG-PS (HR 2,95;p 0,017), non-sq histology (HR 2,26;p 0,044);RT conclusion (HR 4,69;p<0,0001). Conclusion(s): Our study shows shorter overall and progression free survival than literature, with a large portion of patients being treated with ECOG-PS of 2 or greater and without adequate systemic staging. About one-quarter of patients did not conclude the treatment, and this was the most negative factor impacting survival next to ECOG-PS.Copyright © 2023
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Background: Healthcare workers (HCW) were heavily exposed to iterative viral loads during SARS-CoV- 2/ COVID-19 pandemic. Post-infectious serum neutralizing anti-S/ SARS-CoV- 2 IgG antibody concentrations (anti-S sIgG), albeit a controversial biomarker of antiviral immune response efficacy is actually the only available in routine clinical practice. Method(s): Sequential serum anti-S sIgG measurement (chemiluminescence immunoassay;cut-off: >=1AU/mL) at 3 time-points: T0 = 50.3 +/- 15.3 days after symptom onset (dSo), 16.8 +/- 12.0 days after quarantine end (dQe);T1 = 143.1 +/- 43.9 dSo, 109.4 +/- 43.0 dQe;T2 = 241.3 +/- 75.5 dSo, 208.6 +/- 75.6 dQe;disease severity was classified as asymptomatic (IS1), mild/moderate (IS2) and severe/very severe (IS3) levels. We've enrolled 177 out of 193 positive SARS-CoV- 2/ RT-PCR HCW (8.3% initial dropout), 76.2% female/mean age = 39.6 +/- 11.7 years (y), 23.8% male/mean age = 41.1 +/- 13y, between March and May 2020, out of 4200 HCW of a university hospital. Out of these 177, 93.8% worked in COVID-19 high-risk areas, 72.5% were nurses or assistants, 7.8% had asymptomatic infection and 6.7% suffered serious illness demanding inpatient care. Result(s): At T0, 73.5% HCW (144+ve/166) yielded over-cutoff anti-S sIgG (sIgGoc), mean (sIgGm) = 12.5 +/- 9.1 AU/mL, IS1 = 7.3%, IS2 = 84.9% and IS3 = 7.8%;at T1, sIgGoc = 48.2% (80+ve /166), sIgGm = 2.7 +/- 4.9 AU/mL, IS1 = 7.8%, IS2 = 86.2%, IS3 = 6.0%;at T2, sIgGoc = 25.4% (31+ve /122;late drop out:44), sIgGm = 1.3 +/- 2.8 AU/ mL, IS1 = 8.9%, IS2 = 81.3%, IS3 = 9.8%. So, a progressive decrease in mean serum neutralizing anti-S/ SARS-CoV- 2 IgG antibody concentrations was evident during the first six months after disease, in consonance with available data. Under cutoff concentrations were evident 6 weeks after infection in 26.5% of HCW, in 51.8% after 4 months and 74.6% after 6 months, approximately and even in over-cutoff measurements, values approached the threshold of positivity. Conclusion(s): These results suggest that post-infectious natural immunity against SARS-CoV- 2 is tendentially weak and fast waning, reinforcing the need to repeatedly boost recovered HCW. This measure, together with the collective protection measures and the use of adequate personal protective equipment, will maximize the protection for HCW and patients altogether.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges, where ICT has become a basic need for humanity, in this context the capacities of teachers to face changes were questioned. It has a mixed pre-experimental methodology, 49 teachers participated and a questionnaire, rubric and Pre-Test/Post Test were applied, with values of 0.890;0.91, Cronbach's 0.97. The findings showed that the dimensions, communication, content creation, were very high, while the security and problem-solving dimension turned out to be good. The research obtained significant results for the development of digital skills of teachers in Piura. © GKA Ediciones, authors.
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The wide range of symptoms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) makes it challenging to predict the disease evolution using a single parameter. Therefore, to describe the pathophysiological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, we compared according to survival or death, the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the biochemical and immunological attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra from saliva samples and their correlation with chemometric findings. Herein, we demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy allows the description of the events related to cell damage, such as lipids biogenesis and the secondary structure of proteins associated with lactate dehydrogenase and albumin levels. Moreover, humoral (IgM) and cellular (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10, and IL-6) responses were also increased in patients who died from COVID-19. Copyright © 2023 Adriana Martinez-Cuazitl et al.
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Vaccines are essential for the eradication of diseases. Yet for many reasons, individuals do not embrace them completely. In the COVID-19 pandemic and with the possibility of the Brazilian population's immunization against the disease, both political and health-related dimensions might have had a role in individual COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. In two studies (n = 974), we tested the hypothesis that participants' vaccination acceptance is related to their past vote in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election (being or not being a Jair Bolsonaro voter) and their different levels of perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD). We further tested whether Bolsonaro's opposition or ambiguous messages towards vaccination (vs. control) increased vaccination rejection among those who have (vs. have not) voted for him and who are low (vs. high) in PVD. Results show that Bolsonaro (vs. non-Bolsonaro) voters accepted less vaccination, with higher rejection rates when participants expressed low (vs. high) PVD. Also, when primed either with Bolsonaro's opposed or ambiguous messages towards COVID-19 vaccination, such participants accepted less vaccines (vs. participants primed with neutral information). These findings are the first to show that the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance is related to their past vote and leadership influence but also different levels of perceived vulnerability to disease. © 2023 International Society of Political Psychology.
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Objective. Evaluation of coping strategies in pregnant women with high risk pregnancies during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods. This was an observational study of pregnant women with high-risk pregnancy admitted for inpatient antenatal monitoring. Women were asked to fill in the Italian version of the Coping Orientation to the Problems Experienced (COPE-NVI). The questionnaire included 5 different dimensions: 1) Social support;2) Avoidance strategies;3) Positive attitude;4) Problem solving;5) Turning to religion. We planned to evaluate the COPE-NVI score according to the different maternal or fetal complications. 100 women filled out the questionnaire and were included in the study. Results. 37 were admitted for preeclampsia, 15 for diabetes, 5 for intrahepatic cholestasis, 14 for hyperemesis gravidarum, while 29 had severe intrauterine growth restriction requiring monitoring. The mean COPE-NVI score for social support was 31.5 +/- 8.6, for avoidance strategies 25.1 +/- 6.7, for positive attitude 31.7 +/- 7.3, for problem solving 30.5 +/- 7.5, and for turning to religion 24.9 +/- 5.3. No statistically significant differences were found for the COPE-NVI score within the different maternal or fetal complications, apart for turning to religion, where the score was higher for women with preeclampsia and lower for women with intrahepatic cholestasis (p = 0.01). Conclusions. Women with high risk pregnancies admitted for antenatal inpatient monitoring have a high score at coping strategies.
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Outpatient total joint arthroplasty (TJA) gained favor during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objective was to critically evaluate the safety and short-term outcomes of outpatient total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) throughout the pandemic compared with pre-pandemic given their increased use. This was a retrospective review of 941 patients who underwent elective, outpatient TKA and THA at a single institution. Patients were divided into two cohorts: pre-pandemic (N=611) and pandemic (N=330). Data points included demographics, comorbidities, failure of same calendar day discharge (SCDD), and 90-day readmissions and re-operations. The pandemic cohort was older (61.0 vs 59.0 years; P=.001) and had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (2 vs 1; P=.004). There were no differences between the pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts regarding SCDD failures (23.3% vs 21.9%; P=.623) and reoperations (4.2% vs 6.2%; P=.205). The pandemic cohort had a lower readmission rate (4.8% vs 8.2%; P=.056). Overall, patients who had failure of SCDD more commonly underwent TKA than THA (63.5% vs 36.5%; P<.001), were older (63.0 vs 58.5 years; P<.001), had a higher body mass index (30.8 vs 29.9 kg/m2; P=.006) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (2 vs 1; P<.001), had an American Society of Anesthesiologists class greater than 2 (51.2% vs 31.6%; P<.001), received physical therapy later postoperatively (4.15 vs 3.12 hours; P<.001), and had a history significant for myocardial infarction (P=.025), chronic kidney disease (P=.004), or diabetes (P=.003). This study supports broadening indications for outpatient TJA because we found a shift toward older patients with more comorbidities successfully undergoing the procedure. [Orthopedics. 202x;4x(x):xx-xx.].
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A report from the World Health Organization reveals that many people lack access to good healthcare services. Primary health care is often inaccessible, not only in developing countries, but also in developed nations like the United States. The lack of sufficient primary care physicians is one of the chief factors contributing to healthcare inaccessibility. Prior research has attempted to address the issue by examining patient symptoms and transcripts through the use of machine learning algorithms, but because numerous illnesses can produce identical symptoms, these efforts have struggled to correctly diagnose and guide patients. We sought to increase the access to healthcare services by utilizing a machine learning system to guide a patient to the appropriate specialist based on the symptoms indicated in their transcripts. In this study, we developed and evaluated an algorithm-based solution that would give the public credible, data-driven, and personalized information about their symptoms, enabling patients and their doctors to make better-educated decisions based on statistics and text transcripts. To do so, we built three models: (1) a transcript model, which uses clinical transcripts to predict the appropriate medical specialist;(2) a keyword model, which uses keyword extraction to reduce noise and isolate the symptoms from the clinical transcripts, and then uses these keywords to predict the appropriate medical specialist;and (3) a COVID-19 risk detection model, which predicts the COVID-19 risk of a patient, something that has not been fully investigated in this field of research. © 2022 IEEE.
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Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has heightened a multitude of stressors across the United States. Parents, in particular, have experienced increased psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Concurrently, weight stigmatizing language related to potential pandemic weight gain has become prevalent. Experienced weight stigma may contribute to and maintain internalized weight bias, which has been associated with numerous negative psychological and eating-related outcomes. The current study aimed to examine the association between internalized weight bias and COVID-19-related distress, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating among parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants were parents of youth ages 7-17 (N=189;Mage=40.8 y.o.;66.1% female;82.0% White, 93.1% non-Hispanic) who were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk between June 2020 and February 2021. Participants self-reported height, weight, and basic demographics, and completed the Weight Bias Internalization Scale, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Survey through Qualtrics. Results: Three separate linear regression models were conducted for each outcome variable. After controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and BMI, internalized weight bias was significantly positively associated with COVID-19-related distress (в=.417;p<0.01;R2=0.18), uncontrolled eating (в=.363;p<0.01;R2=0.15), and emotional eating (в=.465;p<0.05;R 2=0.22). Conclusions: Among parents during the COVID-19 pandemic, higher levels of internalized weight bias were associated with greater levels of COVID-19-related distress and two types of maladaptive eating patterns, uncontrolled and emotional eating. Given the potential of parental modeling of maladaptive eating behaviors, intervention methods aiming to alleviate internalized weight bias are essential among parents. Future research is needed to elucidate the influence of parental internalized weight bias on eating- and weight-related outcomes among youth.
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Thanks to the pandemic generated by covid-19, university education was forced to migrate towards virtual teaching, which generated that the authori-ties implemented adequate measures to maintain the right to education, which is why the objective of this article was to describe the measures implemen-ted, from the point of view of teachers and students. Theoretical and empirical research methods were applied to process the information on the variables studied and to draw conclusions, which express that the authorities intended to direct university educa-tion in the complex context marked by the pande-mic. Although the students' criteria tended towards a positive evaluation in this regard, the teachers men-tioned critical aspects that should be considered as insufficiencies that the process has presented in the mentioned context.
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INTRODUCTION. The Covid-19 pandemic led to the declaration of a health emergency in the world, generating an unprecedented crisis in all areas. In the sphere of education, it gave into to the closure of institutions, but it also became an educational opportunity to transform on-site classrooms into virtual classrooms, guaranteeing the continuity of university teaching, using pedagogical models, methodological strategies, resources and digital infrastructure. The inverted method is a fundamental methodology where the student reads and reviews the material at home and the tasks are carried out in class after using technologies. METHOD. The research has a quantitative approach, pre-experimental design. To carry it out a Pre-Test, a Post-Test and online rubrics have been used as instruments. They were applied to 154 students of the subject of Learning Technology in the Degree of Psychology. RESULTS. The findings reveal that the integration of the inverted and the didactic model (IUTPC) in digital contexts improve significantly students’ learning motivation. After the experiment, a higher arithmetic mean was obtained in the communicative dimension, which means that the students had very good interaction between teachers and students to communicate by e-mail, internal messaging, chat, forums and videoconference. Secondly, the practical dimension, the students developed effectively the training activities. The informative dimension is organized and structured through files-directories. Finally, the evaluative dimension with the participation of students in forums and group tutorials. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The contributions of the research stand out because the neural network of the brain provides the essential stimuli for the motivation of the students that involves cognitive and affective elements, closely related to critical and creative autonomous learning from the perspective of Bloom’s Taxonomy for the digital age. © Sociedad Española de Pedagogía.
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Background: The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has elicited an equally rapid development of effective vaccines, leading to a reduction of COVID-19 severity and deaths. There is limited data on COVID-19- related immunity in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Methods: SPARTA (SARS2 SeroPrevalence And Respiratory Tract Assessment) is an ongoing observational study for participants age ≥18 years to investigate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after infection and/or vaccination. We included patients with CML and compared them with a non-cancer group. We collected saliva and peripheral blood to measure antigen levels by RT-PCR and antibodies (secretory IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies). Results: From October 1, 2021, to February 4, 2022, we prospectively enrolled 49 participants (23 CML, 26 non-cancer). Most were male (56.5%) in the CML group and female in the control group (61.5%), mean age 56.39 y vs. 51.96 y, respectively, and self-identified as white (87% vs. 76.9%). In the CML group, 11 (47.8%) had ≥1 comorbidities, vs 13 (50%) in the control group. Twenty-one (91.3%) CML patients were receiving tyrosine-kinase inhibitors;4 (18.2%) non-cancer subjects reported taking any medication. Most participants in both groups had received at least one dose of COVID- 19 vaccine (73.9% vs. 73.1%);100% of CML patients received two doses vs. 84.2% of controls;the CML group had a higher percentage of subjects fully vaccinated (66.7% vs. 25%). The CML group had a lower percentage of patients previously diagnosed with COVID-19 (8.8% vs. 57.7%). However, there was no difference in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen at the time of enrollment (0% vs. 4%). SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in most of the participants regardless of cancer status (78.3% in the CML cohort and 88% in the non-cancer cohort), and neutralizing antibodies were detected in 82.6% and 95.6%, respectively. The two groups had comparable IgG (mean 146.3 Ru/ml vs. 148.9 Ru/ml) and neutralizing (mean 1329.1 ng/ml vs. 1112 ng/ml) antibody levels. Conclusions: Our preliminary data comparing concomitant cohorts with similar socio-demographic characteristics and medical history indicate that a diagnosis of CML did not impact the development of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We are conducting continuous analysis of antibodies levels over time to assess the evolution of antibody immunity and functional studies including cellular immunity assessments.
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Introduction: Prolonged exposure to stressful environments is associated with adverse psychological outcomes, including sleep disturbance and burnout. Burnout rates have increased substantially during the unprecedented challenges faced by healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since burnout has been associated with significant health risk and adverse organizational outcomes, it is important to identify factors that inform preventive or therapeutic approaches to mitigate adverse outcomes in HCWs. Methods: Participants were HCWs (physicians, nurses, advanced practice providers, technicians etc.) from 4 emergency departments in New York City who completed a cross-sectional electronic survey (completed at study enrollment between November 2020-October 2021). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) assessed global sleep quality. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) assessed 3 burnout dimensions: emotional exhaustion (EE;feelings of being emotionally overextended and exhausted by one's work);Feelings of depersonalization (DP;unfeeling and impersonal response towards patients);and reduced personal accomplishment (PA;feelings of competence and successful achievement in one's work). Descriptive statistics were calculated and separate binary logistic regressions were used to predict poor global sleep quality (PSQI >5) from individual MBI subscales (dimensions of burnout), while controlling for age, race, ethnicity, and gender. Results: Ninety-one participants, studied to date, were included in the analysis (51% non-Hispanic/Latino White, 63% female, mean age: 40 [SD: 9.6] y). Poor global sleep quality was reported by 68%. High EE (score >9), DP (score >6) and reduced PA (score <9) were reported by 44%, 27%, and 18% of participants, respectively. Poor global sleep quality was significantly associated with presence of elevated EE (OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.07-8.63, p=0.037), but not with elevated DP (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.44-4.10, p=0.603) or reduced PA (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 0.65-16.44, p=0.146). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, poor sleep quality was reported by the majority of participants and associated with increased burnout in HCWs. Poor global sleep appears to have the most influence on the burnout dimension EE, thus suggesting new evidence about associations between sleep and emotional regulation in HCW during the pandemic. Future trials should test whether existing (or novel) interventions can improve sleep and thereby support HCWs in high stress periods.
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Introduction: Emergency Department (ED) healthcare workers (HCWs) may be at elevated risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), due in part to sleep and/or circadian disturbances. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of sleep factors with blood pressure, a primary marker of CVD risk, in ED HCWs. Methods: Participants were HCWs (physicians, nurses, advanced practice providers, technicians, etc.) from 4 EDs in New York City who completed study procedures between November 2020-October 2021. Participants completed a 2-week data burst, which included sleep/activity (Fitbit Inspire) and home blood pressure monitoring (Omron 5 Series BP7250;preceding and following their main daily sleep episode). Linear regression models, adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, were conducted predicting blood pressure from sleep factors. Results: The sample included n=74 ED HCWs (mean [SD] age=38.4 [8.7] years). Most were female (62.2%) and non-Hispanic/ Latino White (55.6%). Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 116.1 (12.5) mmHg and 75.1 (7.6) mmHg, respectively. Actigraphy-derived sleep factor means for the data burst period were: a) Total sleep time (TST): 6.8 (1.0) hours;b) Sleep efficiency (SE): 94.5 (2.2)%;c) Percentage of main sleep episodes throughout the burst with TST <6 hours: 25.9 (20.8)%;d) Sleep start time: 24:06 (01:24);and e) Within-subject inter-daily bedtime variability (i.e., SD of sleep start times): 2.4 (1.8) hours. Higher TST was associated with lower SBP (B [SE] =-0.50 [0.30] mmHg/10 min, p=.04) and DBP (B [SE] =-0.50 [0.20] mmHg/10 min, p=.01). Greater SE was associated with lower SBP (B [SE] =-1.23 [0.55], mmHg/%, p=.03) and DBP (B [SE] =-1.05 [0.39], mmHg/%, p=.01). A higher proportion of nights with TST <6 hours was associated with higher DBP (B [SE] =1.4 [0.40], mmHg/10%, p<0.01) but not SBP. Sleep start time and bedtime variability were not associated with BP. Conclusion: These findings provide support for the relationship between sleep and blood pressure. Of note, data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may impact observed relationships. Because this is a cross-sectional analysis, the causal direction of the association may be (at least partially) reversed. Further research should examine psychological and work-related factors in ED HCWs that may modify these relationships, e.g., stress/anxiety, burnout, and job strain, and include assessments of the circadian system.
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Currently, changes caused by the covid-19 pandemic have affected all sectors of society, including the educational sector, such as higher education institutions. In this sense, this research aims to identify the perception of public university professors about remote activities in higher education. Therefore, descriptive and quantitative research was carried out using a survey-type data collection with 40 professors from public universities in Rio Grande do Norte State. The results indicate that professors are aware of the existing challenges, and also they have a good understanding of remote teaching. Through exploratory factor analysis, the items analyzed were grouped into four factors: Factor 1 (Format of remote classes), Factor 2 (Need and suitability for remote teaching), Factor 3 (Support and skills in digital media), and Factor 4 (Behavioral aspects), these being the main factors for triggering remote activities in higher education. It is also verified that the results presented in this study are in line with the findings of the current literature and meet the aspects related to the changes caused by the pandemic.
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The present investigation began to answer the difference of a virtual, remote, and non-face-to-face audit, like a pilot of the non-face-to-face audit using Google's collaborative tools in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was exploratory because it began with the literary review to define the terms of face-to-face and non-face-to-face auditing, it took out the descriptive research because it made the diagnosis of a face-to-face audit before and in the process of the COVID 19 pandemic, and the results were suggested. of the implementation of non-face-to-face auditing in entities such as SUNAT and/or OSINERMING. The result was to propose a model that was found adequate with the incorporation of technology to carry out virtual synchronous supervision in stages (2) and (3). Likewise, it incorporates asynchronous supervision as part of the face-to-face supervision that includes stages (4) and (5), these stages would also be part of the cabinet audit. All stages of the model must be supported by technology to obtain results that were achieved in face-to-face audits before COVID 19 or better. The contributions were to clarify the definition of online or remote virtual auditing, to incorporate the terms of synchronous and asynchronous auditing, to propose follow-up and monitoring mechanisms for the administrator and the supervisor, to establish criteria for the implementation of cabinet auditing that ensures the results of the same way as a face-to-face inspection. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.